مرامنامه
استفاده و کپی برداری از تمامی مطالب
وبلاگ بلامانع می باشد، چنانچه مطلب یا
لینک مفیدی دارید که احساس می کنید
می تواند به بهتر شدن این وبلاگ کمک
کند، لطفا آن را در قسمت نظر بدهید درج
نمایید یا به آدرس
skills.share@yahoo.com ایمیل
کنید. چنانچه مایل باشید مطلب ارسال
شده با نام خودتان در وبلاگ منتشر می
شود. ما را از نظرات خود بهرمند سازید.
Morph, morpheme, allomorph and zero morph
Note that any language has a register of morphemes, the physical realizations of which are called morphs. While morphemes remain ideal abstract units, the corresponding morphs may show some variation. In the case of the plural morpheme, various realizations are possible. These variations sound and look differently:
Syntactic Knowledge
a. Word Order. As a speaker of English, you know how the parts of a sentence should be arranged. For example, you know that, of the 6 logical possibilities in (12), only 2 are allowed in English:
Knowledge of your Language
What does it mean to say that you know a language? Let's start out by looking at some examples that illustrate our knowledge. In this section we shall illustrate a speaker's knowledge of the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics of his/her language
Knowledge of grammar
Language is everywhere around us. The ability to use language is a basic skill that we are all endowed with to live as human beings. It is hard to imagine how one could live without some form of language. But we tend to take things around us for granted, as if there is nothing particularly remarkable about our species-specific ability to use language.
Morphology
Morph,allomorph,morpheme ,morpheme classes ,word ,root
cranberry problem ,phonological conditioning,portmanteau
zero ,diachronic explanation ,suppletion ,bibliography
Words are the nuts and bolts of language. All of us rely on a huge repertoire of words each time we communicate. We assemble long lists of words (dictionaries) and have frequent debates about what exactly a word means (or doesn’t mean) and who has the authority to decide about such issues.
Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language
Syntax: The word "syntax" refers to the relationships of words within a sentence. In English, speakers and writers generally indicate these relationships through word order. For example, the actor--or "subject"--in a sentence generally comes before the verb. Recipients of actions--or "objects"--generally appear after verbs.
Morphology: The Words of Language
Conversation _ sentences _ words
Lexicon : mental listing of the words in a language, including information
about their meaning, grammatical function, pronunciation, etc. ;
a speaker’s mental dictionary
Languages make an important distinction between two kinds of words :
Content words : The nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that constitute the
major part of the vocabulary.
How performance refer to competence
Linguists talk about at least three kinds of grammar: competence (a mental grammar), descriptive grammar, and prescriptive grammar. I want to concentrate on competence, "those aspects of a speaker's knowledge of language that allow him or her to produce grammatical utterances.