مرامنامه
استفاده و کپی برداری از تمامی مطالب
وبلاگ بلامانع می باشد، چنانچه مطلب یا
لینک مفیدی دارید که احساس می کنید
می تواند به بهتر شدن این وبلاگ کمک
کند، لطفا آن را در قسمت نظر بدهید درج
نمایید یا به آدرس
skills.share@yahoo.com ایمیل
کنید. چنانچه مایل باشید مطلب ارسال
شده با نام خودتان در وبلاگ منتشر می
شود. ما را از نظرات خود بهرمند سازید.
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
9 Strong and weak syllables
When we compare weak syllables with strong, syllables, we find the vowel in a weak syllable tends to be shorter, of lower intensity and different in quality.
Any strong syllable will have as its peak one of the vowel phonemes (or possibly a triphthong) listed in chapter 3, but not ə, i or u
It the vowel is short, then the strong syllable will always have a coda as well
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
8 The syllable
Phonetically syllables are usually described as consisting of a centre which has little or no obstruction to airflow and which sounds comparatively loud;
before and after this centre there will be greater obstruction to airflow and/or less loud sound.
i) What we might call a minimum syllable would be a single vowel in isolation
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
7 Nasals and other consonants
7.1 Nasals
The basic characteristic of a nasal consonant is that the air escapes through the nose.
We will now look at some ways in
which the distribution of ŋ is usual.
i) In initial position we find m and n occurring freely, but ŋ never occurs in this position.
ii) Medially, ŋ occurs quite frequently
iii) A third way in which the distribution
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
6 Fricatives and affricates
6.1 Production of fricatives and affricates
Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that, when they are produced, air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound.
Affricates are rather complex consonants. They begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
The fortis fricatives have the effect of shortening a preceding vowel, as do fortis plosives.
Phonologically, h is a consonant. It is usually found before vowels. When hoccurs between voiced
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
5 The phoneme
When we speak, we produce a continuous stream of sounds. In studying speech we divide this stream into small pieces that we call segments.
There is an abstract set of units as the basis of our speech. These units are called phonemes, and the complete set of these units is phonemic system of the language.
The b at the beginning of a word such as ‘bad’ will usually be pronounced with practically no voicing. Sometimes, a speaker may produce the b with full voicing, in speaking emphatically.
If this is done, the sound is still identified as the phoneme b, even though we can hear that it
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
4 voicing and consonants
4.1 The larynx
We begin this chapter by studying the larynx. The larynx has several very important functions in speech.
Its main structure is made of cartilage.
Inside the “box” made by these two cartilages are the vocal folds, which are two thick flaps of muscle rather like a pair of lips; an older is vocal cords.
We use the word glottis to refer to the opening between the vocal folds. If the vocal folds are
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
3 long vowels, diphthongs
3.1 Long and short vowels
To remind you that these vowels tend to be long, the symbols consist of one vowel symbol.
Plus a length mark made of two dots :. Thus we have: i:, з:, a:, o:, u:, will now look at each of these long vowels individually
i: (example words: ‘beat’, ‘mean’, ‘peace’)
з: (example words: ‘bird’, ‘fern’, purse’)
a: (example words: ‘card’, ‘half’, ‘pass’)
o: (example words: ‘board’, ‘torn’, ‘horse’)
u: (example words: ‘food’, ‘soon’, ‘loose’)
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
2 The production of speech sounds
We have a large and complex set of muscles that can produce changes in the shape of the vocal tract
These different parts are called articulators and the study of them is called articulatory phonetics.
Articulators are as followings
i) The pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx. It is about 7 cm long in women and about 8 cm in men, and at its top end it is divided into two, one part being the back of the mouth
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach
1 Introduction
In any language we can identify a small number of regularly used sounds (vowels and consonants) that we call phonemes; The rest of the course goes on to look at larger units of speech such as the syllable and at aspects of speech such as stress and intonation. The accent that we concentrate on and use as our model is the one that is most often recommended for foreign learners studying British English It has for a long time been identified by the name Received Pronunciation (usually abbreviated to its initials. RP), but this name is old-fashioned and misleading. Since it is most familiar as the accent used by most announcers and newsreaders on BBC and British independent television broadcasting channels, a preferable name is BBC pronunciation