مرامنامه
استفاده و کپی برداری از تمامی مطالب
وبلاگ بلامانع می باشد، چنانچه مطلب یا
لینک مفیدی دارید که احساس می کنید
می تواند به بهتر شدن این وبلاگ کمک
کند، لطفا آن را در قسمت نظر بدهید درج
نمایید یا به آدرس
skills.share@yahoo.com ایمیل
کنید. چنانچه مایل باشید مطلب ارسال
شده با نام خودتان در وبلاگ منتشر می
شود. ما را از نظرات خود بهرمند سازید.
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
6 Fricatives and affricates
6.1 Production of fricatives and affricates
Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that, when they are produced, air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound.
Affricates are rather complex consonants. They begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
The fortis fricatives have the effect of shortening a preceding vowel, as do fortis plosives.
Phonologically, h is a consonant. It is usually found before vowels. When hoccurs between voiced
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
5 The phoneme
When we speak, we produce a continuous stream of sounds. In studying speech we divide this stream into small pieces that we call segments.
There is an abstract set of units as the basis of our speech. These units are called phonemes, and the complete set of these units is phonemic system of the language.
The b at the beginning of a word such as ‘bad’ will usually be pronounced with practically no voicing. Sometimes, a speaker may produce the b with full voicing, in speaking emphatically.
If this is done, the sound is still identified as the phoneme b, even though we can hear that it
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
4 voicing and consonants
4.1 The larynx
We begin this chapter by studying the larynx. The larynx has several very important functions in speech.
Its main structure is made of cartilage.
Inside the “box” made by these two cartilages are the vocal folds, which are two thick flaps of muscle rather like a pair of lips; an older is vocal cords.
We use the word glottis to refer to the opening between the vocal folds. If the vocal folds are
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
3 long vowels, diphthongs
3.1 Long and short vowels
To remind you that these vowels tend to be long, the symbols consist of one vowel symbol.
Plus a length mark made of two dots :. Thus we have: i:, з:, a:, o:, u:, will now look at each of these long vowels individually
i: (example words: ‘beat’, ‘mean’, ‘peace’)
з: (example words: ‘bird’, ‘fern’, purse’)
a: (example words: ‘card’, ‘half’, ‘pass’)
o: (example words: ‘board’, ‘torn’, ‘horse’)
u: (example words: ‘food’, ‘soon’, ‘loose’)
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach)
2 The production of speech sounds
We have a large and complex set of muscles that can produce changes in the shape of the vocal tract
These different parts are called articulators and the study of them is called articulatory phonetics.
Articulators are as followings
i) The pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx. It is about 7 cm long in women and about 8 cm in men, and at its top end it is divided into two, one part being the back of the mouth
English phonetics and phonology (Peter Roach
1 Introduction
In any language we can identify a small number of regularly used sounds (vowels and consonants) that we call phonemes; The rest of the course goes on to look at larger units of speech such as the syllable and at aspects of speech such as stress and intonation. The accent that we concentrate on and use as our model is the one that is most often recommended for foreign learners studying British English It has for a long time been identified by the name Received Pronunciation (usually abbreviated to its initials. RP), but this name is old-fashioned and misleading. Since it is most familiar as the accent used by most announcers and newsreaders on BBC and British independent television broadcasting channels, a preferable name is BBC pronunciation
بيان شفاهي داستان( oral reproduction of stories)
The Open Window
H. H. Munro (Saki)
Framton Nuttel has been sent to a small country town in England to recover from some type of nervous condition. Framton's sister has provided him with letters of introduction to people she met when she had visited the same town, four years before The sister provided the letters to counter what she knows is Framton's tendency to hide from everyone and mope. Framton is leery of meeting strangers, but has decided to venture out on a formal visit to Mrs. Sappleton. When he arrives at Mrs. Sappleton's house, he finds that she is not immediately available. While he waits for Mrs. Sappleton to appear, he is received by her 15-year-old niece, Vera. With an artful piece of fiction she keeps him company. In the end, only the story makes his nervous condition worse, because he is shocked to see that Mrs. Sappleton husband and brother return home through the open window
بيان شفاهي داستان( oral reproduction of stories)
The story of an hour
This paper explains that "The Story of an Hour", written in 1894, by Kate Chopin could be the story of any married woman in the days when divorce was only possible if the woman could prove adultery and always attached a social stigma that made the woman "a grass widow". The author points out that Kate Chopin (1851-1904) didn't start writing until after her husband died; therefore, the story may express her own experience and feelings about the lack of freedom for married women. The paper concludes that the ending is ironic because the reader knows that the protagonist Louise Mallard didn't die of the "joy that kills" but rather she couldn't go back to being the woman she had been before her enlightenment
بيان شفاهي داستان( oral reproduction of stories)
The Flying Machine
Ray Bradbury
A servant informs the Emperor Yuan about a man flying with wings. The Emperor goes to the place and sees that a man clothed in bright papers and reeds is flying. The Emperor asks the man to come down and talk to him. When he lands, he tells the Emperor that he has invented a unique apparatus by which he can fly. The Emperor in turn shows the man the machine he has invented: a tiny garden with tiny creatures. The Emperor admits that they are both beautiful, but the flying machine is dangerous since someone may abuse it in the future, so he has the executioner behead him
بيان شفاهي داستان( oral reproduction of stories)
Old man at the bridge
Ernest Hemingway
A soldier (who is also the narrator) sees an old man resting on the side of a road near a pontoon bridge. Other civilians are crossing this bridge, but the old man is too tired to proceed any further. The old man tells the soldier that he is a native of San Carlos where he worked as a caretaker of animals.The old man seems more concerned for the safety of his animals than for his own safety. He has some relief in knowing that the cat will be able to fend for itself, and that since he has unlocked the cage, the birds can fly away, but the fate of the other animals is uncertain and the man is distraught by this.The soldier tries to encourage the old man to move a little farther along, for he knows the bridge is likely to be bombed. The old man, however, is simply too exhausted to proceed
بيان شفاهي داستان( oral reproduction of stories)
THE KITTEN” BY RICHARD WRIGHT
Plot Summary: This is a story of a boy who tries to get even with his father. The child resents his father’s authority for it is not based on a relationship of trust and communication. The father, a night porter, must sleep during the day, and therefore cannot spend much time with his son. The son feels impotent before his father’s (perceived) harsh discipline. The boy, therefore, devises a plan which will transfer impotence to the father. When told to “quiet” a kitten, the son takes his father’s words, “kill the damn thing!” literally. What follows is the impotence of the father with regard to this action, the mother’s take-over in the role of punisher/advisor, and the boy’s . resultant experience of guilt
اصول و روش ترجمه(Meaning based translation)
اصول و روش ترجمه Mildred L. Larson
هدف از اين درس ارائه متن درس براي شيوه‌هاي مورد استفاده در ترجمه است. به اين منظور فرآيندهاي معمول در ترجمه مورد بررسي قرار گرفته‌اند. اين متن درسي براي رشته مترجمي به عنوان درس تخصصي در سطح دانشگاهي تهيه شده است. اين كتاب شامل مثالهايي از انواع زبانها بويژه زبانهاي آسيايي، آفريقايي در زمينة معني‌شناسي واجها، همايي، گزارها، تشبيه و استعاره است
اصول و روش ترجمه(Meaning based translation)
Chapter 4
Implicit meaning
Kinds of meaning: people usually think of meaning as something that a word or sentence refers to for example the word apple refers to a fruit. This kind of meaning is called referential meaning because the word refers to a certain things, events, attribution, or relation which a person can perceive or imagine. A sentence has meaning because it refers to something that happened, or may happen, or is imagined as happening. Referential meaning is what the communication is about. As referential meaning packaged into larger and larger units there is organizational meaning in the discourse, which must also be taken into account in the translation. Certain information may be old information, some new; certain information may be the topic of the discourse, other information commenting on the topic, and some information may be more central to the message; that is more important. It is the organizational meaning that puts the referential information together into a coherent text.
اصول و روش ترجمه(Meaning based translation)
Chapter 3
The semantic structure of language
There is a distinction between deep (semantic) structure and the surface structure (grammatical, lexical, phonological) structure of language.Semantic structure is more nearly universal than grammatical structure. All languages have meaning components which can be classified as things, Events, Attributes or Relations for example. Semantic propositions occur in all languages. They consist of concepts related to one another with an Event, Thing, or Attribute as the central concept. For example in the sentence: “John hits the ball” John is agent, ball is affected and hits is activity. In semantic structure ordering is chornological.
اصول و روش ترجمه(Meaning based translation)
Chapter 2
Kind of translation
There are two main kinds of translation: one is form-based and the other is meaning based. Form based translation attempts to follow the form. of the source language and are known as literal translations. Meaning based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural form. In modified literal translation translator modifies the order and grammar to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. But lexical items are translated literally. Literal translations of words, idioms, figures of speech, etc, result in unclear, unnatural, and some times nonsensical translations.
اصول و روش ترجمه(Meaning based translation)
Chapter 1
form and meaning
Translation, by dictionary, consists of changing from one state or form to another, to turn into one’s or another’s language. Translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form of language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs.These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. The purpose of this text is to show that translation consists of translating the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure It is the meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure communication situation, and cultural context of source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language.