بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
UNIT ONE
Contrastive Analysis (CA)
Contrastive Analysis Definition
“ Contrastive Analysis (CA), may be roughly defined as a subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of languages in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them.”
1.1 Similarities & Differences
Both English and Persian have phonemes which are conventionally represent by the same symbols /p/ and /f/, it should not be taken to imply that the English and Persian sounds are in any sense the same.
Languages are also different in some aspects and similar in others. But the crucial thing is that looking for differences demands the establishment of a background of sameness that differences are significant.
This sameness of background is termed as “common base”, “equivalence” or “tertium comparationis” abbreviated as TC.
Though scholars have had problem in characterizing the notion of sameness (or equivalence) in theoretical terms, contrastive analyst have performed their analyses by adopting certain practical procedure.
Equivalence can be primarily established with reference to:
1. Meaning
2. Structure
3. Function
4. Rule or Process
5. Textual and discoursal features
Examples:
a) The expressions:
P1: /mærd-e xub/
man-of good
E1: the good man
are both noun phrases (NP) similar as a major category, but different in terms of their internal structures
Examples:
b) The two expressions:
P2: /mitunim dær-ra baz konim?/
can we door-obj-marker open do
E2: Can’t we open the door?
Are functionally the same, while they are structurally different