بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
UNIT TWO
The need for Contrastive Analysis
Explanation of Less Familiar Terms or Concepts
Deviant:
Not in agreement with the standard rules (of grammar)
Interference:
The process of carrying over the speech habits of the native language into a foreign (or second) language, by which errors are generated.
Penglish:
A term coined to refer to the kind of English spoken by Persians.
2.0. Theoretical Uses of CA
Doing contrastive analysis, as a tool of understanding different peoples' behavior, is justified by its own virtue. We don't need to justify it by its implication or applicational values.
2.1. Application of CA
The data collected from our students reveal numerous "systematic" errors of various kinds. By systematic we mean "predictable" – i.e. errors which reasons can be provided for their occurrences.
Let us look at some of the errors which can be extracted from the data in the areas of gerunds, infinitives, subordinators, relatives and prepositions after some degrees of normalization.
A. Confusion between infinitives and gerunds
Consider the following examples:
D1. He went to the bazaar for buying grapes.
D2. He advised me not to smoking.
D3. They are pessimistic about to solve the problem.
D4. She refused going on the trip.
The above sentences demonstrate specific errors.
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Using for plus gerund construction instead of the infinitive, e.g.,
D1. He went to the bazaar for buying oranges.
E1. He went to the bazaar to buy oranges.
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Using to with the gerund instead of to with the basic form of the verb, e.g.,
D2. He advised me not to smoking.
E2. He advised me not to smoke.
B. Confusion with Subordinators and Conjunctions
Consider the following example:
D5. Although he said he was going to be late, but he actually arrived on time.
In English, we use either although or but. Problems with subordinators and conjunctions, the way presented above, are said to be due to interference from Persian to English
C. Problems with Relative Clauses
Note the following Penglish sentence:
D6. The man I saw him yesterday, is sick today
E6. The man that I saw yesterday, is sick today.
D7. The person who I spoke to him is a writer.
E7. The person who I spoke to is a writer.
D. Problems with Prepositions and Particles
Preposition and phrasal verb errors are of three kinds:
a) Omission
b) Insertion
c) Use of the wrong preposition
E. Other Problems
At the lexical level, the following Penglish expressions are produced by Persian learners of English:
D13. The chief of the bank.
D14. The chief of the department
D15. The chief of the college
D16. The chief of the university
D17. The chief of the high school
When the linguistic systems differ, the source language might interfere with the target language.
Therefore, we are justified to compare and contrast languages to determine their similarities and differences.
The information obtained through the comparison and contrast between two languages can be profitably used in language teaching, translation, language, testing, stylistics, etc