بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
UNIT SEVEN
Contrasting Grammatical Structures
ONE – PLACE PREDICATORS
Explanation of Less Familiar Terms and Concepts
Collocation: Habitual co-occurrence of individual vocabulary items.
Clitics: Forms which can fill slots at the phrase or clause levels, but cannot occur as free forms.
In Persian the – æm in /xodæm/ "myself" is a clitic although it is attached to the /xod/ "self" making up a fused phonological word.
Cliticization: The process in creating clitics.
Topicalization:
The placement of an element of the sentence in front of it about which something is going to be said, e.g., as in Yesterday I met the man; the element yesterday is topicalized.
Overgeneralization:
The process whereby the learner extends his use of a language feature beyond the limits allowed by the rule, e.g., overgeneralizing the regular past tense form (-ed) in such items as goed and eated.
7.0. Patterns
Predicator expresses general weather condition (an adjective in English and Persian). NP is the argument.
EP6. Subj BE WC
NP be Adi
The argument NP includes places or environments such as English words for air, weather, room, sky, etc., all of which can be rendered to Persian word / hæva/ which are being affected by the predicator
There are, of course, collocational restrictions between NPs and adjectives in the pattern, some of which will be illustrated.
PP6. Subj WC Bud
NP Adj budæn
(hæva (ye+N))
P1. /hæva xub ?æst/
E2. The room is hot.
P2. /hæva-ye ?otaq daq æst/
E3. The sky cloudy is.
P3. /?aseman /or/ hæva ?æbri ?æst/.
The two sentences It's warm and The weather is warm are rendered the same in Persian. The difference between the two in English is a matter of discourse. The second sentence is supposed to be more precise and formal.
7.1. Non-Personal Sentences
We need to refer to a unique and important group of Persian sentences called indirect or non-personal.
Verbs in Persian can be divided into two groups: simple and non-simple. Simple verbs are verbs with one lexical element. Non-simple verbs are divided into compound and indirect (or non-personal).
A compound verb consists of a preverbal element and a verbal element. The preverbal element may be (a) a noun, (b) an adjective, (c) an adverb, (d) a preposition, (e) a verb stem. Indirect verbs are like compounds in terms of morphological structure.
Syntactically, however, they act differently
Due to the special nature of the subjects demanded by these verbs, indirect verbs always are in the form of third person singular. The subjects are mostly names of parts of body.
Or names of mental activities added to a pronoun referring to a person to whom the part of the body or the activity belongs in the form of Ezafe construction. The pronoun has a meaning of possession.
Examples:
1. /del-e mæn dærd mikonæd/
"My abdomen aches".
2. /delha-ye ?anha dærd mikonæd/
"Their abdomens ache".
In a non-personal Persian sentence, as a one-place predicator construction, predicator usually expresses an action which is performed irrelevant or contrary to the intention of the agent.
Argument:
NP1. A noun usually refers to a part of the body or mental activity followed by a pronominal suffix.
PP20. Subj Event-Unintentional Action
NP1-Pro Compound Verb
When contrasted with English, these sentences fall into several groups as the following:
Group 1.
In group1, the Persian surface subject – i.e., part of the body or mental activity – becomes the subject of the English rendering.
EP20a. Subject Event-Unintentional Action
Poss-NP1 VP(?)
Argument:
NP1. A noun phrase usually refers to a part of the body or a mental activity.
Examples:
P1. /del-æsh dærd mikonæd./
"His/Her abdomen aches."
Group 2.
In group, the often-deleted Persian topicalized subject obligatorily surfaces, the verb receives an appropriate rendering and most often the Persian surface subject appears as the English complement.
So these structures are mostly two-place predicators.
EP20b. Subj Event The part affected (complement)
NP2 VP (NP1 or PP, etc)
Argument:
NP2 (The person affected). Complement includes the Persian surface subject.
Examples:
1. /pa-yæm dær ræft/
"I sprained my foot."
2. /dæstha-yæm zæxm shod/
"I got hurt in my hands."
3. /dæstha-yæm suxt/
"I burned my hands."
Group 3.
In group 3, the Persian topicalized subject obligatorily surfaces in English. The verb "to have" appears as the main verb of the sentence. In the rest of the sentence mostly all the trouble felt and the part affected are stated.
EP20c. Subj HAVE Trouble Felt Part Affected
NP2 have NP3 PP.NP1
Thus, the structure of the translation usually turns out to be two or three-place predicator types.
Examples:
I have wrinkles on my forehead."
P1. /pishani-yæm chin daræd/ -
forehead – my wrinkle has
I have chaps on my hands."
P2. /dæstha-yæm choruck xorde ?æst/ -
Hands – my chap eaten is
Group 4.
This group of Persian non-personal sentences are rendered into English by the following pattern EP19.
EP19. Subj BE/FEEL Sensation
Examples:
P1. /del-æsh xosh-e/ - "He/She feels/Is glad."
Heart-his/her glad-is
P2./hal-æm xub-e/ - "I feel/ am fine."
Feeling-my good-is
Note that in Persian in sentences 1 and 2 an adjective plus "be" act as an indirect verb.
Group 5.
Persian sentences belonging to this group are actually sub-group of PP20 in which there is not a particular affected part of the body but the whole body is affected. The predicate consists of an adjective and the verb/ budæn/ "to be". The pronominal suffix, then, attaches to the adjective. All the sentences of this group can be rendered to EP19.
Group 6.
In this sub-group of non-personal sentences, the affected part of the body or the whole person is preceded by a preposition. One often can not decide whether the VP is a compound or an object + V.
These structures are usually rendered into English by rule EP20b (i.e. Group 2)
Examples:
1. ?/æzæsh bæd-æm miyad/ - "I hate him."
from he bad-my comes
2. ?/æz sær-æm xab pærid/ - "My sleepiness
From- my sleep flew faded away suddenly."
7.2. Discussion and Predictions
By juxtaposing English and Persian patterns 6 to 20, one can easily see the contrasts. Yet the following generalizations will be presented for further illustration.
- Weather is predicted to be used in lieu of it, air, sky and enclosed place in Penglish.
- The distance from-to-is predicted to be used for it in Pattern 7.