بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
UNIT EIGHT
Contrasting Grammatical Structures
TWO – PLACE PREDICATORS
Explanation of Less Familiar Terms and Concepts
Experiencer, Stimulus and Psychological Verbs:
In sentences 1) Mehdi loves music and 2) The results disappointed Mehdi, the verbs love and disappointed are psychological verbs.
In the first sentence Mehdi is the experiencer and music the stimulus. Music stimulates some sort of sensation within Mehdi who experiences the sensation.
In the second sentence the results is the stimulus and Mehdi the experiencer. Love in the first sentence whose subject is the experiencer is called a straightforward psychological verb.
And disappoint whose subject is the stimulus is called a reverse psychological verb (see Burt and Dulay, 1972: Chap. 6)
8.0. Patterns
21A. Predicator denotes an action or state which involves two objects-i.e., things or relationship between two objects- (a verb in English and Persian)
Argument 1: NP1 (agent, experiencer or stimulus)
Argument 2: NP2 or PP (goal, experiencer or stimulus)
EP21. Subj Events Obj
NP1 VP NP2 or PP
PP21. Subj Obj. Event
NP1 NP2 or PP VP
1. Separable Phrasal Verbs:
1. Bring back: recall; return
Your story brings back pleasant memories.
Other Examples:
Bring up, Call back, Call in, Call up, Check off, Check out, Cheer up, Cross off, Cross out, Do over, Drop off, Figure out, Hand in
2. Inseparable Phrasal Verbs:
Call for: go to get
I always call for my laundry on Friday afternoon.
Call on: pay a visit
Come across: find by chance
Other Examples:
Come to: Get into, out (of): Get on, off: Get over: Keep on: Look after: Look for: Look into: Put up with: Run out of: Take after:
We should be careful to differentiate between phrasal verbs and verb-preposition sequences. Besides semantic and syntactic differences, particles carry strong accents while prepositions bear weak accents.
In a good number of cases, verb-preposition sequences in English are fixed – i.e., the verb is always followed by a particular preposition with a specific meaning. It is, therefore, pedagogically advisable to learn each verb-preposition sequences as a unit.
8.1. Discussion and Predictions
Predictions can be summarized as the following:
1. Overgeneralization of the English passive rule to exceptions and producing utterances such as His father was resembled by Mehdi for Mehdi resembled his father.
2. Rendering cognate objects with adverbs of manner, and producing utterances such as They mercilessly fought for they fought a merciless fight.
3. Using prepositional objects in Penglish where in English direct objects are required and producing expressions such as I asked from him for I asked him. In this case, reverse psychological verbs are the most problematic.
4. Using direct objects in Penglish where in English prepositional objects are required, and producing expressions such as I approved his behavior for I approved of his behavior. This is, of course, not very much productive.
5. Using prepositional objects in Penglish with prepositions different from what are required in English and producing expressions such as Mehdi believes to God of Mehdi believes in God.
6. The tendency not to separate verb particles from the verbs in both optional and required contexts and to produce utterances such as: This is a dictionary. You can look up it if you don't know the meaning, for … you can look it up … .
7. Placing the object between the verb and its particle in the contexts not permitted due to overgeneralization. The learner overgeneralizes the case of separable phrasal verbs onto the inseparable one.
8. The tendency to use more non-phrasal verbs in Penglish for their phrasal counterparts. Learners are expected to use to recover for to get over and to telephone for to call up more often.
9. In the above generalizations, the problems of word order are totally ignored.