skills

بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي

UNIT TEN

 Contrastive Analysis of Consonants and Vowels

Aspirated vs Unspirated. Voiceless stops such as [p], [t] and [k], especially before vowels, are released with some puff of air in their articulation. They are usually symbolized by a small raised “h” such as [p^h], [t^h] and [k^h]. Without raised “h” the stop sound is meant to be unaspirated.

Released vs. Unreleased. Stops are released when they are fully articulated. Unreleased stops are shown by a raised hyphen above the letter sign. So unreleased k is symbolized as
[k-].

Palatalized. A consonant may become palatalized by raising the middle or rear portion of the tongue towards the roof of the mount. Palatalization is marked by a small lowered “y”

Devoiced. Stops, fricatives and affricates usually have voiced counterparts. But nasals, laterals and vibrants are inherently voiced and when they lose their voice in certain contexts They become devoiced. Devoiced signs are naturally voiceless. They are shown in capital letters.

Velarized. English velarized /1/ or “dark 1” shown as [1] is produced by simultaneous articulation of the apex and the back of the tongue against the alveolar ridge and the velum, respectively.

Syllabic. The consonants /m/, /n/, /l/ and /r/ can become the most prominent segments in the syllable they function as vowels and are called syllabic. Syllabicity is shown by placing a short vertical line underneath the consonant Retroflex. A retroflex /r/ sound shown as [r] is usually formed by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge.

Flap vs. Trill. A Persian r between two vowels is flap, formed by a single touch of the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge area. A trill, however, is produced by rapid vibration of the tip or front of the tongue against the roof of the mouth. Trilled r is symbolized as  [r]. In American English /t/ can become a flap in certain contexts. It is shown phonetically as [t].

Dental-alveolar. Persian /d, t, s, z, and n/ shown as [d , t , s , z and n] have dental-alveolar articulation Their English counterparts, however, have alveolar articulation.

Fronted vs Backed. In Persian the vowel a is said to be fronted-i.e., produced in a position further forward in the mouth than what may be regarded as the basic position of the sound. It is shown by [a<].

However /æ/ is backed and shown by [Æ].

Assumed phonetic Base. Assumed Phonetic Base is a phonetic shape which is taken as basic form among the allophonic variants of a phoneme.

Neutralization. Two or more phonemes are said  to be neutralized when their already-existing contrasts are lost in a particular environment. In English many vowels lose their contrasts before /r/.

Open vs Close Syllables. Open syllable ends in vowel and close syllable ends in consonant.

The following deviant productions can be expected from a Persian who is learning English:

Substitution of Persian /s/ or /t/ for English [th] –i.e., thank is pronounced like tank or sank.

Substitution of Persian /z/ or /d/ for English [dh] –i.e., then is pronounced as den or zen.

Substitution of Persian /Ci-y/ for English /Cy/. Example: cute tends to be Rendered as /kiyut/ [k^h_y iyut^h]. The clusters involved are:/ py, by, ty, dy, cy, jy, ky, gy, fy, vy, thy, sy, hy, my, and ny/.

Substitution of Persian /Cu-w/ for English /CW/. Example: queen tends to be rendered as /kuwin/ [k^huwin]. The clusters involved are: /pw, bw, tw, dw, kw, qw, thw, sw, shw, and hw/.

Substitution of Persian /sher/ for English /shr/. Example: shrink tends to be rendered as/sherink/ [sherinkhy]. the cluster involved is: /shr/.

Substitution of Persian /?es-C/ for English /sC/.

Example: ‘school’ tends to be rendered as /?eskul/ [?eskhul]. The clusters involved are: /sp, st, sk, sf, sm, sn, and sl/.

Substitution of Persian /?esh-C/ for English /shC/.