بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
بررسي مقابله اي ساخت جمله فارسي و انگليسي
UNIT ELEVEN
A Constrastive Analysis of Accent and Intonation
Stress is usually defined as the degree of force with which a word or syllable is uttered.
Syllabic prominence is achieved by the combined effect of:
a) loudness (stress)
b) pitch
c) quantity of vowels-i.e., longer vowels are more prominent
d) quality of vowels-i.e., opener vowels are more prominent
The term accented syllable or strong accent is used in this work for the more prominent, and unaccented syllable or weak accent is used for the less prominent syllable.
Word Accent
It is commonly believed that word accent in Persian is predominantly on the final syllable.
In Persian, nominal compounds normally have their stronger accent on the last member.
The following varieties of compounds receive strong accents on the final element:
1. compounds made up of two or more simple or complex elements:
/telefonxané/
2. Conjoined nominal expressions and nominalized sentences.
/kar-o-kushésh
/zæmin xordæ-e mehdi/
3. Compound numerals:
/bist-o-sé/
4. In compounds functioning as vocatives, primary accents shift to the initial syllable of the first element.
/kétabforush/!
Nominal phrases receive primary accent according to the following scheme:
1. Nominal and prepositional phrases, have their stronger accents on the originally accented syllable of the last member
ketab-e hoséyn/
2. Phrases containing numerals and indefinite determiners like /hæmé/, /chænd/ have their stronger accent on the accent-bearing syllable of the first member.
/shésh ruz/
3. In phrases functioning as vocatives, primary accents shift to the initial syllable of the first element.
/pésær-e tænbæl/
Sentence Accent
The most prominent syllable in such utterances is meant to possess a grammatical or sentence accent. Usually, the highest pitch falls on the more strongly accented syllable of the sentence.
It is the new information which carries the strongest accent.
The following remarks are worth mentioning.
1. In sentences with negative particles or affixes, the accent falls on the negative particle.
/mæn zæmin xordæm/
2. In simplex interrogative sentences containing a question word, the strong accent falls on the question particle.
/chéra mi-xændi?/
3. Complex sentences are considered by this author to have a separate strong accent for each clause of course, the subordinate or the relative clause which precedes the main clause usually has its strong accent on the final syllable of the clause and the main clause follows the normal pattern of accentuation for simplex sentences.
/?ægær be ?esfæhan mi-rævid, gæz yadetan nǽ-rævæd./
4. Compound sentences are considered to have separate strong accents for each individual clause. Individual clauses follow the pattern of accentuation of simple sentences:
/mehdi dǽrs mi-xanæd va mæn name mi-nevisæm/
5. Choice compounds carry the primary accent on the choices in question
/qæhvé mi-xori ya chayi?/
a particular part of the utterance is specifically emphasized for special effect, to convey specific information or to seed special question on behalf of the speaker. This kind of accent is called emphatic or rhetorical accent. Another term used for the same thing is “pragmatic accent”.
Word Accent
in English, there is a tendency toward placing the accent near the beginning of the word.
Accent in Compounds and Phrases in English:
A. Nominal compounds ordinarily have a strong accent on the first component with the following specifications:
1. Compounds could be constructed from two nouns.
bláckbird
2. The above compounds can become the first components of other larger compounds but pattern of accent remains unchanged.
drúgstore clerk
B. compound verbs made up of a simple verb and a particle have the primary accent on the particle.
C. Nominal phrases of modifier-head type carry the primary accent on the head noun.
Black bird
D. Nominal phrases of determiner-head type also carry the primary accent on the head noun.
my friend
E. Nominal phrases consisting of a last name as a head noun and first names or titles as tails carry the primary accent on the head noun.
Mr. Smith
F. Prepositional phrases and phrases consisting of a noun as a head and a prepositional phrase as a tail usually carry the strongest accent on the head noun of the prepositional phrase.
In Énglish
G. The following expressions and the similar constructions also have the primary accent on the final element.
very much
H. Nominal phrases made up of the indefinite expressions none, all, each of everyone followed by a prepositional phrases carry the primary accent on the special expressions.
General Sentence Accent Placement Rule. The rule says, “place the strongest accent on the appropriate syllable of the last content word in the phonological phrase or simply the clause”.
The man came to dinner.
The pitch of the voice is determined by several factors. The most important is the tension of the vocal cords.
Intonation is the pitch variations over a range of syllables to denote syntactic information.
The normal pitch of the voice of the speaker is called mid. Mid pitch is common and serves as a standard of comparison for others. The pitch of the voice higher than normal is called high. The pitch of the voice lower than normal is called low.
Falling pitch symbolized by #, rising pitch by // and suspensive pitch (ending in normal pitch) by /.
The above descriptions can be shown as the following: 231 #, 23//, 232/ 231#, 232/23//,32/231#, 31#.
Intonation in Persian
A. 231# contour. This pattern is used with the following utterances:
1. Declarative simple sentences
/resturan dæst-e rást-e/
2. Declarative sentences containing auxiliary, special and reporting verbs followed by sentencial complements as specified below.
/fekr mikonæm mehdi bérævæd/
3. Interrogative sentences containing question words-i.e., Wh-questions- in the middle (or the end) of the sentence.
/mehdi cigoft/
B. 31# contour. This pattern is used in the following utterances:
1. Declarative sentences in which the first syllable of the sentence carries the stronger accent.
/nǽbayæd mehdi berævæd/
2. Question sentences with a question word at the beginning of the sentence.
/ki mixahæd benevisæd/
1. A question with a statement word order and with no question particles.
/mehdi tænhá mand || /
2. A question introduced by the particle /?aya/
/?aya hæmeye shoma daneshju ?id//
D. 33// contour. This pattern is used as follows:
1. A question with a statement word order, without any question particle, and with the sentence accent on the first syllable of the sentence:
/mixahi benevisi//
E. 232/(2)31# contour. The pattern is utilized in the following cases:
1. An affirmative sentence composed of two clauses an interrogative complex sentence with question particles in the main clause, and regular and choice compound statements.
/?æagær mehdi qæza næxorǽd/ mæn mirævæm#/
2. A sentence with the /mægær næ/ tag question, seeking confirmation.
/mehdi rǽft mædrese/ mægær nǽ#/
F. 232/ (2)33// contour. The following structures use this pattern:
1. An interrogative complex sentence in which the main clause follows the subordinate one and that the main clause does not include a question particle.
/?ægær mehdi qæza næxorǽd/ (to) miri//?/